Determination of one cation and one anion from the given salt: Cations (Basic radicals): group-wise typical scheme used in qualitative analysis: Anions (Acid radicals) — common ones: CO₃²⁻, SO₃²⁻, S²⁻, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, CH₃COO⁻, C₂O₄²⁻. Step 1 — Addition of HCl (or NH₄Cl + HCl) and Filtration Step / Group Precipitate […]
শিরোনাম : Study of Acidity of Fruit and Vegetable Juices Aim (উদ্দেশ্য): বিভিন্ন ফল ও সবজির রসের অম্লত্ব (acidity) পিএইচ মিটারের সাহায্যে নির্ধারণ করা। অর্থাৎ বিভিন্ন ফল ও সবজির রসের pH পরিমাপ করে তাদের স্বাদ অনুযায়ী (অম্লতা) তুলনা করা। তত্ত্ব যে দ্রবণে H⁺ আয়ন বেশি থাকে তা অম্লীয় এবং OH⁻ আয়ন বেশি থাকলে ক্ষারীয় বলে
1. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics This is a branch of physical chemistry that studies the speed or rate at which chemical reactions take place and the factors that can change this speed. It also explains how a reaction happens; the step-by-step path is called the mechanism. Importance of Chemical Kinetics (PGT interview points) 2. Basic
Liquid state chemistry deals with the behaviour, structure and properties of liquids and solutions. In school-level chapters, we learn about concentration terms, Raoult’s law, vapour pressure, colligative properties and ideal/non-ideal solutions. But graduate-level discussions expand these ideas into molecular interactions, activity coefficients, deviations from ideality, solution thermodynamics, viscosity mechanisms, diffusion theory, electrolyte behaviour and modern
1. Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Solid state chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the structure, properties, preparation and applications of solid materials. In typical school textbooks, the chapter mainly focuses on crystal structures, unit cells, packing efficiency, defects, and electrical & magnetic properties. But at the postgraduate level, the subject expands
Structure of Atom Revision Notes: Chapter wise Highlighted Points for Quick Revision(One-shot) for Competitive Exams 2025. Structure of Atom – Quick Revision Notes 2025 is your one-stop solution for mastering one of the most crucial chapters in Chemistry! This page provides chapter-wise key points, summarized formulas, and quick concept highlights for faster and smarter revision.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Revision Notes: Chapter wise Highlighted Points for Quick Revision(One-shot) for Competitive Exams 2025. SUPER REVISION NOTES (NEET) 1. BASIC TERMINOLOGY SNAPSHOT 2. IMPORTANT LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION (PYQs Every Year!) 3. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY – (Concept Backbone) ⚠️ Modern Correction: Atoms are divisible (protons, neutrons, electrons). 4. ATOMIC MASS &
1. ENVIRONMENT – BASIC TERMS 1.1 Key Definitions Primary vs Secondary Pollutants Primary Secondary CO Ozone (O₃) NO PAN SO₂ Photochemical smog components Hydrocarbons HNO₃, H₂SO₄ Particulates H₂O₂ 1.2 Important Points ➡ Exam/Interview favourite: Difference between primary & secondary pollutants in one word. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 2.1 Structure of Atmosphere 2.2 Tropospheric Pollution (A) Gaseous Pollutants